Logrank test and Interval Overlap Test for Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) under different fertilization treatments for 7705 tomato hybrid.

It is known that some nutrients can have both negative and positive effects on some populations of insects. To test this, the Logrank test and the Interval Overlap Test were evaluated for two crop cycles (February-May and May-August) of the 7705 tomato hybrid, and the effect on the psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc.) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), was examined under greenhouse conditions. Tomato plants were in polythene bags and irrigated with the following solutions: T1-Steiner solution, T2-Steiner solution with nitrogen reduced to 25%, T3-Steiner solution with potassium reduced to 25%, and T4-Steiner solution with calcium reduced to 25%. In the Logrank test, a significant difference was found when comparing the survival parameters of B. cockerelli generated from the treatment cohorts: T1-T2; T1-T3; T1-T4; T2-T3; and T3-T4, while no significant differences were found in the T2-T4 comparison in the February-May cycle. In the May-August cycle, significant differences were found when comparing the survival parameters generated from the treatment cohorts: T1-T2; T1-T3; and T1-T4, while no significant differences were found in the T2-T3; T2-T4; and T3-T4 comparisons of survival parameters of B. cockerelli fed with the 7705 tomato hybrid. Also, the Interval Overlap Test was done on the treatment cohorts (T1, T2, T3, and T4) in the February-May and May-August cycles. T1 and T2 compare similarly in both cycles when feeding on the treatments up to 36 d. Similarly, in T1 and T3, the behavior of the insect is similar when feeding on the treatments up to 40 and 73 d, respectively. Comparisons T2-T3 and T2-T4 are similar when feeding on both treatments up to 42, 38 and 37, 63 d, respectively. Finally, the T3-T4 comparison was similar when feeding in both treatments up to 20 and 46 d, respectively.

[Fitness of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B Biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations with different levels of susceptibility to the thiametoxam insecticide]. / Aptitud biológica de poblaciones de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biotipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) con diferente susceptibilidad al insecticida thiametoxam.

In two field-collected populations of de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype previously selected with the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam (NEO-R, NEO-N), and a population susceptible to insecticides (SUSC), the level of response to the insecticide thiametoxam, as well as the life and fertility tables were determined. At LC95, the NEO-R population showed a resistance ratio (RR95) value of 8.8-fold, an intrinsic rate of increase (r m) of 0.72. The fitness of the NEO-R and NEO-N populations in relation to the SUSC was 1.5 and 2.0, respectively. The RR95 value for NEO-N was 1.9-fold; it's r m value was 0.082, while in the SUSC population was 0.041. The developmental time of egg and adult were longer in NEO-R population, while the nymph and pupa lasted longer in the NEO-N and SUSC populations. The developmental time was different in the three NEO-R, NEO-N, and SUSC populations with 19.7 d (315.84 degree days or dd), 15.7 d (250.4 dd) and 18.5 d (296.6 d), respectively. The populations previously selected with thiamethoxam did not reproduce faster than their susceptible counterpart.

Aptitud biológica de poblaciones de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biotipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) con diferente susceptibilidad al insecticida thiametoxam / Fitness of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B Biotype (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) populations with different levels of susceptibility to the thiametoxam insecticide

In two field-collected populations of de Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) B biotype previously selected with the neonicotinoid insecticide thiamethoxam (NEO-R, NEO-N), and a population susceptible to insecticides (SUSC), the level of response to the insecticide thiametoxam, as well as the life and fertility tables were determined. At LC95, the NEO-R population showed a resistance ratio (RR95) value of 8.8-fold, an intrinsic rate of increase (r m) of 0.72. The fitness of the NEO-R and NEO-N populations in relation to the SUSC was 1.5 and 2.0, respectively. The RR95 value for NEO-N was 1.9-fold; it's r m value was 0.082, while in the SUSC population was 0.041. The developmental time of egg and adult were longer in NEO-R population, while the nymph and pupa lasted longer in the NEO-N and SUSC populations. The developmental time was different in the three NEO-R, NEO-N, and SUSC populations with 19.7 d (315.84 degree days or dd), 15.7 d (250.4 dd) and 18.5 d (296.6 d), respectively. The populations previously selected with thiamethoxam did not reproduce faster than their susceptible counterpart.

[Morphological and molecular identification of Prosapia simulans (Walker) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), and screening and mechanisms of resistance to this spittlebug in Brachiaria hybrids]. / Identificación morfológica y molecular de Prosapia simulans (Walker) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), y selección y mecanismos de resistencia a este salivazo en híbridos de Brachiaria.

Prosapia simulans (Walker) is an important spittlebug species that attacks forage grasses of the genus Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. from Mexico to Colombia. This, and several other species of spittlebugs, cause important economic losses to the livestock production industry. Development of resistant cultivars is regarded as the best method of control. In the present study we used taxonomic keys, dissection of male genitalia and RAPD-PCR patterns to reconfirm the identity of P. simulans specimens collected in Colombia and Mexico. We were able to reconfirm that P. simulans occurs as a pest of Brachiaria from Mexico to Colombia. We also studied the levels and mechanisms of resistance present in 34 Brachiaria hybrids developed by CIAT. Infestations were made with six eggs per plant. We used 10 replications (plants) per genotype in a completely randomized design. Seven hybrids were found to be susceptible, 16 showed intermediate resistance and 11 were resistant. Antibiosis was the mechanism of resistance expressed in resistant hybrids as well as in the resistant checks CIAT 6294 and CIAT 36062. Tolerance was absent. The genotypes BRX 4402 and CIAT 0606 were classified as highly susceptible.

Identificación morfológica y molecular de Prosapia simulans (Walker) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), y selección y mecanismos de resistencia a este salivazo en híbridos de Brachiaria / Morphological and molecular identification of Prosapia simulans (Walker) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), and screening and mechanisms of resistance to this spittlebug in Brachiaria hybrids

Prosapia simulans (Walker) es una especie de salivazo que ataca los pastos del género Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. desde México hasta Colombia y ocasiona pérdidas económicas a la industria ganadera. El desarrollo de cultivares resistentes es considerado el mejor método de control del salivazo. Este trabajo tuvo los siguientes objetivos: corroborar la identificación de P. simulans originarias de México y Colombia, probar nuevos híbridos de Brachiaria por resistencia a esta especie y caracterizar los mecanismos de resistencia presentes en ellos. Mediante la combinación de caracteres morfológicos (uso de claves taxonómicas, disección de la genitalia del macho) y técnicas moleculares (RAPD-PCR) se logró corroborar que P. simulans es plaga de Brachiaria spp. desde México hasta Colombia. Para probar híbridos de Brachiaria y caracterizar los mecanismos de resistencia se realizó un ensayo de selección donde se sometieron 34 híbridos al ataque del salivazo. La metodología utilizada fue desarrollada en el CIAT. En el ensayo se infestó con seis huevos maduros de la especie P. simulans por planta. Se usaron diez repeticiones por genotipo en un diseño completamente al azar. En el ensayo de selección de los híbridos se detectaron siete híbridos susceptibles, 16 con resistencia intermedia y 11 resistentes. El mecanismo de resistencia que se expresó en los híbridos resistentes y en los testigos CIAT 6294 y CIAT 36062 fue el de antibiosis. BRX 4402 y CIAT 0606 fueron clasificados como muy susceptibles.

Prosapia simulans (Walker) is an important spittlebug species that attacks forage grasses of the genus Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. from Mexico to Colombia. This, and several other species of spittlebugs, cause important economic losses to the livestock production industry. Development of resistant cultivars is regarded as the best method of control. In the present study we used taxonomic keys, dissection of male genitalia and RAPD-PCR patterns to reconfirm the identity of P. simulans specimens collected in Colombia and Mexico. We were able to reconfirm that P. simulans occurs as a pest of Brachiaria from Mexico to Colombia. We also studied the levels and mechanisms of resistance present in 34 Brachiaria hybrids developed by CIAT. Infestations were made with six eggs per plant. We used 10 replications (plants) per genotype in a completely randomized design. Seven hybrids were found to be susceptible, 16 showed intermediate resistance and 11 were resistant. Antibiosis was the mechanism of resistance expressed in resistant hybrids as well as in the resistant checks CIAT 6294 and CIAT 36062. Tolerance was absent. The genotypes BRX 4402 and CIAT 0606 were classified as highly susceptible.

[Risk predictive model for damage caused by the spittlebug Aeneolamiapostica (Walker) Fennah (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)]. / Modelo de predicción de riesgo de daño de la mosca pinta Aeneolamia postica (Walker) Fennah (Hemiptera: Cercopidae).

This paper evaluated the risk that Aenolamia postica (Walker) Fennah populations reach the economic threshold in sugar cane fields in Veracruz, México. A risk deductive model was constructed to include the sequence of events leading to damaging populations, considered the top event or critical failure in the crop. Model events were identified and quantified, and model was validated on field conditions. The model components and their state values were identified as: temperature e" 28 degrees C, precipitation e" 45% during June and July, soil clay content e" 40%, infested adjoining fields, deficient weed control, wind dominance, crop phenology and variety, deficient chemical and biological control, and irrigation. Sensitivity analysis showed that the most important events triggering high densities of A. postica were high temperatures and precipitation, previous field infestation, nymph and weed presence. Event probability estimates were combined using Boolean algebra to compute the minimum, mean and maximum probabilities for the top event, yielding values of 0.417, 0.563, y 0.734 respectively. Model was tested in field, by selecting sugar cane fields having the model properties and compared to fields without these features. Fields were sampled in both conditions during 2004 year and high-risk fields had significantly (F = 13, 4, gl = 1, 18, P = 0,0018) higher densities (2.4 adults m(-1)) than low-risk plots (0.4 adults m(-1)) thus agreeing with the model forecast.

Modelo de predicción de riesgo de daño de la mosca pinta Aeneolamia postica (Walker) Fennah (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) / Risk predictive model for damage caused by the spittlebug Aeneolamia postica (Walker) Fennah (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)

Este trabajo cuantificó el riesgo de ocurrencia de poblaciones dañinas de Aeneolamia postica (Walker) Fennah en caña de azúcar en Veracruz, México. Para esto se construyó un modelo deductivo, que consistió en la identificación, cuantificación y validación de la secuencia de eventos que conducen a densidades dañinas, considerada como una falla crítica en el cultivo. Se determinó que el estado de los componentes del sistema que favorecen a la plaga fueron: temperaturas e" 28°C, precipitación e" 45 por ciento en junio y julio, contenido de arcillas en el suelo e" 40 por ciento, cultivos adyacentes infestados, precario control de maleza, dominancia de los vientos, fenología y variedad del cultivo, controles químicos y biológicos deficientes, y riegos. El análisis de sensibilidad señaló que altas temperaturas, altas precipitaciones, infestación en el año anterior, la presencia de ninfas y presencia de maleza son los eventos más importantes. Las probabilidades estimadas de los eventos se combinaron con álgebra Booleana para calcular la distribución de probabilidades de la falla crítica, que tuvo valores mínimo, promedio y máximo de 0,417, 0,563, y 0,734 respectivamente. El modelo se probó en campo en el año 2004 mediante la selección de parcelas que tuviesen las características señaladas por el modelo y comparando, mediante el muestreo de poblaciones de mosca pinta, con parcelas que no las tuviesen. Se encontró que las parcelas con alto riesgo de daño presentaron densidades significativamente (F = 13, 4 con gl = 1, 18, P = 0,0018) mayores (2,4 adultos m-1) que parcelas de bajo riesgo (0,4 adultos m-1).

This paper evaluated the risk that Aenolamia postica (Walker) Fennah populations reach the economic threshold in sugar cane fields in Veracruz, México. A risk deductive model was constructed to include the sequence of events leading to damaging populations, considered the top event or critical failure in the crop. Model events were identified and quantified, and model was validated on field conditions. The model components and their state values were identified as: temperature e" 28°C, precipitation e" 45 percent during June and July, soil clay content e" 40 percent, infested adjoining fields, deficient weed control, wind dominance, crop phenology and variety, deficient chemical and biological control, and irrigation. Sensitivity analysis showed that the most important events triggering high densities of A. postica were high temperatures and precipitation, previous field infestation, nymph and weed presence. Event probability estimates were combined using Boolean algebra to compute the minimum, mean and maximum probabilities for the top event, yielding values of 0.417, 0.563, y 0.734 respectively. Model was tested in field, by selecting sugar cane fields having the model properties and compared to fields without these features. Fields were sampled in both conditions during 2004 year and high-risk fields had significantly (F = 13, 4, gl = 1, 18, P = 0,0018) higher densities (2.4 adults m-1) than low-risk plots (0.4 adults m-1) thus agreeing with the model forecast.